How much the tariffs will cost American families each year
>For households that earn: Washing machines and solar panels
Chinese imports enacted on July 6
>For households that earn:
Washing machines
and solar panels
Chinese imports
enacted July 6
*Also includes steel and aluminum tariffs from China. Assumes consumers bear the full cost of the import taxes and do not change their buying behavior.
The trade war has begun, and it arrives with potentially far-reaching consequences for international relations and the global economy. But what about your household? What is it going to cost you?
For the more than $80 billion in tariffs that the United States has already placed on washing machines and solar energy cells and panels; on most steel and aluminum imports; and on hundreds of products made in China, the short answer is $60 a year per household. That’s about one-tenth of 1 percent of a typical household’s income.
This does not include the potential impact of taxes on $200 billion worth of Chinese imports that the Trump administration enumerated this week; the earliest those could go into effect would be September. Including those tariffs would bring the total annual costs for the average American family to $127.
The household impact numbers are based on analysis of government data by Kirill Borusyak, a postdoctoral associate at Princeton University, and Xavier Jaravel, an economics professor at the London School of Economics. They should be thought of as rough estimates, as they don’t account for the full range of ways businesses and consumers will react; they assume, for example, that companies pass the entire cost of tariffs on to consumers rather than taking a hit to profit margins.
The numbers also don’t include the costs to some Americans in their roles as producers, as opposed to consumers — people who could lose their jobs or see lower incomes because other countries retaliate by taxing American products.
But the data gives a sense of how the tariffs are likely to affect the typical household budget and increase consumer prices. The magnitude is small for now, but prices could rise substantially if a tit-for-tat escalation drives the total of affected goods toward or beyond $1 trillion.
For the already active tariffs, here’s how the $60 per average household breaks down: American households will pay about $7 a year extra for the washing machine and solar tariffs, $20 for the steel and aluminum tariffs, and $33 more because of the newly taxed Chinese goods that went into effect last week.
A trade war can affect the economy in several ways, however. A tariff on a product from China might raise prices for that product in other countries. If Chinese suppliers are facing a tariff from the United States, suppliers in the United States and other countries might feel as if they have a little room to raise their prices as well.
Economists aren’t sure exactly how big this effect is, but Katheryn Russ, a professor of trade at the University of California, Davis, says it might add a further $20 to the estimate.
It’s also important to remember that these are average costs. Households that buy expensive items like trucks and washing machines this year will pay more because of the tariffs than households that don’t.
“The issue with the tariffs is that they’re really distorting,” Mrs. Russ said. “They don’t fall evenly across the population, and they hit us in random ways.”
Assuming you don’t buy a new car or washing machine, $60 over the course of a year may seem underwhelming, considering the more apocalyptic warnings about the risks of a trade war.
One reason these numbers are relatively small is that the United States doesn’t really import that much relative to the size of its economy. Even though it imported nearly $2.2 trillion of goods in 2015, American imports were only 12 percent of G.D.P., the lowest percentage among advanced nations. Of that, only about 3 percent of American imports (based on 2015 figures) are subject to these initial waves of taxes.
Richer households tend to spend more money over all, particularly on high-end electronics that are covered by the tariffs. So a household making over $160,000 is looking at a $140 annual hit, a slightly higher percentage of income than lower-earning Americans face.
If the proposed tariffs on $200 billion worth of Chinese goods tariffs were to take effect, Mr. Borusyak and Mr. Jaravel estimate that they would cost the average household $127 annually.
If we include the proposed $200 billion of tariffs on Chinese goods
>For households that earn: Washing machines and solar panels
Chinese imports enacted July 6
Chinese imports announced July 10
>For households that earn:
Washing machines
and solar panels
Chinese imports
enacted July 6
Chinese imports
announced July 10
As an additional exercise, Mr. Borusyak and Mr. Jaravel ran estimates on what would happen if the United States imposed a 10 percent tariff on all goods imported from China, as suggested in a report by Bloomberg. In that case, it would cost the average household $270.
If we include a 10 percent tariff on all other Chinese goods
>For households that earn: Washing machines and solar panels
Chinese imports enacted July 6
The rest of the imports from China
>For households that earn:
Washing machines
and solar panels
Chinese imports
enacted July 6
The rest of the
imports from China
The first wave of tariffs have been focused on things like industrial equipment that consumers pay for only indirectly. President Trump has threatened escalation that could reach $1 trillion or beyond. In further waves, more goods directly purchased by consumers, like electronics and automobiles, would probably be covered, meaning a more direct hit to consumers’ wallets.
“At some point the logic breaks down,” said Mr. Jaravel, who added there may be tariffs on “some products in which we cannot substitute and then we are in big trouble.”
The trade war poses much more substantive risks to people whose livelihoods are tied to industries directly affected. That includes both industries that face more expensive raw materials because of tariffs, like a nail manufacturer grappling with higher steel prices, and those that are subject to retaliation, such as soybean farmers who will see lower incomes because of Chinese tariffs on their products.
Economists also point out that these tariffs are to some degree rolling back some of the gains families saw from the tax cut the Trump administration passed seven months ago.
“You’re cutting taxes with the tax reform and then you’re slapping them back on with the tariffs,” Mrs. Russ said. “In that context they don’t look trivial, especially for low- to middle-income households.”
The researchers estimate the tariffs’ effects on imported goods and goods that use imported components. The estimates are produced by matching customs and detailed supply chain data with consumer expenditure data from 2015.
